The Theory of Almost Everything

by
Robert Oerter

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The Theory of Almost Everything

From the Publisher

For fans of Brian Greene and Stephen Hawking, a guide to the most important theory in modern physics, in a tour de force of science writing

There are two scientific theories that, taken together, explain the entire universe. The first, which describes the force of gravity, is widely known: Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. But the theory that explains everything else—the Standard Model of Elementary Particles—is virtually unknown among the general public.

In The Theory of Almost Everything, Robert Oerter shows how what were once thought to be separate forces of nature were combined into a single theory by some of the most brilliant minds of the twentieth century. Rich with accessible analogies and lucid prose, The Theory of Almost Everything celebrates a heretofore unsung achievement in human knowledge—and reveals the sublime structure that underlies the world as we know it. BACKCOVER: “This highly accessible volume explains the Standard Model to the everyman, using literary references and easy-to-follow analogies to make clear mind-bending physics principles.”
—Publishers Weekly

“Accessible and engaging…This book is for anyone interested in modern physics and ultimate answers about the universe.”
—Science News

Biography

ROBERT OERTER teaches physics at George Mason University. He has done research in the areas of supergravity, especially as applied to superstring theories, and in the quantum mechanics of chaotic systems.

Library Journal

Oerter (physics, George Mason Univ.) has written an accessible guide to the standard model, a theory of all known physical interactions, excluding gravity. Theories that support and influence this model, such as special relativity, quantum mechanics, and quantum electrodynamics, are discussed in detail; readers will be able to follow the author's transitions between theories and building of complex ideas. Descriptions of recent experiments and concepts that may influence the standard model complete the book. An index, a short bibliography of annotated sources for further reading, numerous illustrations and figures, and multiple appendixes that expound on textual matter are also included. Other titles that provide background to Oerter's work are Tian Yu Cao's Conceptual Developments of 20th Century Field Theories and W. Noel Cottingham and Derek A. Greenwood's An Introduction to the Standard Model of Particle Physics. On its own, however, Oerter's text is accessible to scientists and lay readers alike. Recommended for large public and academic libraries.-Elizabeth Brown, Binghamton Univ. Libs., NY Copyright 2005 Reed Business Information.

1	The first unifications	13
2	Einstein's relativity and Noether's theorem	29
3	The end of the world as we know it	49
4	(Im)probabilities	73
5	The bizarre reality of QED	93
6	Feynman's particles, Schwinger's fields	121
7	Welcome to the subatomic zoo	135
8	The color of quarks	155
9	The weakest link	187
10	The standard model, at last	203
11	The edge of physics	219
12	New dimensions	243
App. A	Quarks and the eightfold way	279
App. B	Asymptotic freedom	285
App. C	Interactions of the standard model	289

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Details of Book:

The Theory of Almost Everything

Book:
The Theory of Almost Everything
Author:Robert Oerter
ISBN:0452287863
ISBN-13:9780452287860, 978-0452287860
Binding: Paperback
Publishing Date: -
Publisher: Penguin USA
Number of Pages: - pages
Language: English

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Book Reviews of The Theory of Almost Everything

No, don't get this book if you don't have some knowledge of physics

This book is not written for lay people with little knowledge of physics, don't believe these other reviews, you'll not understand it. I have training in physics and I can't understand some of the concepts in this book. It is a good review of key developments in particle physics of the last century however, and if this is your aim then get this book, it'll introduce you to all the major theories and people behind it. The examples used in the book to illustrate difficult concepts are not that great, quite often complicated theories are presented point blank as if the readers are veteran physicists themselves, many times the author writes as if he's having a dialogue to himself, with nobody around who could understand what he's talking about unless you look at other references. I do not know why others give it such a good review, I certainly don't expect this book can turn anyone into a particle physics expert, but in trying to explain difficult concepts to lay people and ending up not explaining it well enough, or sometimes not explaining it at all, this book has lost some of it's main purpose.

Superb introduction to a difficult topic

Qm is such a fraught area that it may be impossible to write an "objective" book about it. Coupled with this problem is the scientist's nightmare; the journalist who wants the "Theory of everything", and wants it NOW. Oerter, by contrast (6) is content to outline the most successful theory in human intellectual history, that which explains electric and magnetic forces and how they act on particles. He is explicitly unconcerned with any synthesis with General relativity, but drops hints in that direction.

The success of this book should be assessed with respect to how honestly and clearly it can address this very difficult field to a non-technical audience. Oerter's solution is to express as much as possible in his own words; there are few references. The pace is quite fast; it is perhaps an ideal book for a scientist from another discipline with perhaps 12-30 quality hours to kill. There is a useful glossary at the end.

The truly exciting contribution of this book is its clarity on very difficult concepts; chapter 2, on Einstein's relativity and Noether's theorem, gives clarity on the latter's interrelation of symmetry and conservation laws that this reviewer has not experienced before. On toward QM; by Pp. 88 - 89 we see juxtaposed the Schroedinger equation and a discussion of Bell's inequalities. In my own "Being Human" (2nd edition, 75-80 and Appendix B) I attempted a similar task; for the first time I feel comfortable in recommending a precursor reader to my treatment of these areas. A decent summary, that Bell requires that non-local effects require hidden variables, is incipient in both treatments.Being Human: The Search For Order

QM has a shameful secret; infinities. Oerter owns up to them, and attempts an explanation (120). He then outlines the first quantum relativistic field theory; quantum electrodynamics (121). On to Schwinger, Feynman et al; and here, as elsewhere, Oerter takes the considerable risk of attempting to be clear. The former, he argues is a particle theory and the latter a field such (132-133). A new quantum relativistic field theory; quantum chromodynamics is then described wrt its development (160-185)

Elsewhere, this reviewer has commented on Ronan's book on symmetry. Oerter's book fills the gaps that Ronan leaves behind; not just Noether's work (as distinct from gender) but Yang-Mills(or gauge) theories and their relation to symmetry (184-185). We now, finally, are at a point where we can define the standard model wrt the areas we have viewed so far(203). If one has read this far, the magnificence of the architecture begins to beckon. Yet one is only 2/3 of the way through the book.

The final two chapters features this powerful and clear mind working its way through relatively recent topics not central to the book's theme like inflation (215-6), supersymmetry (261) and string theory. It is hard to imagine a better introduction.

Se�n O Nuall�in Ph.D. 30u Bealtaine 2009

An introduction to the greatest intellectual achievement of the human race

This review is a little bit long, however, it is more than an assessment of the book, it will also help you prepare for reading the book and explain confusing parts of the book.

Imagine if we had found a two billion year old alien underground civilization under the desert in Arizona several years ago, and you still knew nothing about it, because journalists thought this information was pretty boring stuff and therefore didn't bother telling anyone about it. Well that is most likely not true, but what is true is that the general public has entirely missed the greatest scientific revolution in the history of the human race partially because mainstream media has largely ignored this information, even though the Nobel Prize committee has been raining Nobel Prizes over it.

In the 70's a theory that explained, at the deepest level, nearly all of the phenomena that rule our daily lives came into existence. The theory called "The Standard Model of Elementary Particles" is a set of "Relativistic Quantum Field Theories" that explains how elementary particles behave, which elementary particles there are, and why they have the properties they have, for example, isospin, spin, charge, color charge, flavor, even mass, or mass relations in many cases. The theory explains how all of the fundamental forces in nature work except gravity. The theory describes how the elementary particles interact; decay, how long they are expected to exist, and how they combine into other sub atomic particles. The theory uses only 18 adjustable parameters to accomplish of this.

In the extension the theory thus explains how nucleons and atoms are formed and what properties the atoms will have, and how molecules will form and what properties molecules will have, their chemical reactions, and what elasticity, electric conductivity, heat conductivity, color, hardness, texture, etc. any material will possess. In the extension it explains why mass and matter exist, how the sun and the stars work, and the theory is therefore the ultimate basis of all other science. It also provides a formula, or an equation of almost everything. Best of all it has been thoroughly verified experimentally, in fact the predictions the theory has made has been confirmed with such stunning accuracy and precision that it could be considered the most successful scientific theory ever. A theory that successfully unites all of physics and basically all of human knowledge of the Universe into one single theory has never before existed.

However, "The Standard Model" does not incorporate gravity and the general theory of relativity, and cannot explain dark energy, dark matter and why neutrinos have mass. Therefore as soon as the theory came into existence physicists started looking for the next theory that would finish what the "The Standard Model" did not finish. Example of such theories are GUT theories, SO(5), SO(10), string theories (abandoned), super string theories, and M-theories. Even though those new theories are extremely interesting they have not been verified or able to predict anything. In comparison with the "Standard Model"; super string theories, grand unified theories, chaos theories, you name it, are essentially nothing, but are still better known.

This book explains to the layman what the "Standard Model" is and how it came into existence. The book is by no means a perfect book. I think there are several problems with the book. However, I decided not to take off any star because there are very few books written for science interested non-physicists that explains the "Standard Model of Elementary Particles". Dr. Oerter deserves five stars just for his fairly decent attempt at doing so.

Even though the book is a Physics book, it is also a book on Philosophy. In fact Physics is often the best and the deepest Philosophy, the kind of Philosophy that can be falsified, verified and proven wrong or correct. To understand what I mean consider Noether's theorem. Noether's theorem states that whenever a theory is invariant under a continuous symmetry, there will be a conserved quantity. As an example of what a continuous symmetry is the following; any physical experiment that is performed at a certain time will have the same result if it is performed exactly the same way a certain time later. That seemingly self evident observation means that Energy is conserved. Another example is, any physical experiment that is performed at a certain place will have the same result if it is performed exactly the same way somewhere else. That seemingly self evident observation means that momentum is conserved.

Let me add that "exactly the same way" really means that! Gravity, other forces, differences in light, or anything else cannot be different in the second experiment. The only thing allowed to be different is the position "x" (if that is our symmetry variable). That is what a continuous symmetry means, changing just one thing, and everything stays the same.

Noether's theorem has been the guiding principle behind the standard model and it is used to find conservation laws where symmetries are found, and it is used to find symmetries where conservation laws are found. It is a spontaneous symmetry brake that allows the Higgs Boson to give all other particles their mass (excepting mass less particles). This is why matter and everything in our Universe exist. The Higgs Boson is also called the God particle (guess why). So Noether's theorem is both very useful in a practical sense and deeply philosophical at the same time.

The God particle has not yet been found, but scientists will be looking for it using the new Large Hadron Collider (LHC) that will come on line this fall (fall of 2008). LHC will start operating in August and the first collisions are planned for October. It is the largest machine ever built and it has a circumference of 17 miles. However, a law suit has been filed in attempt to stop the LHC from operating. Some people believe that the LHC will create small black holes that could suck up all of earth. In essence, they believe that our attempt to find the God particle will be the end of the world.

In addition to Noether's theorem the standard model is built upon the special theory of relativity and a modern formulation of quantum mechanics (Quantum field theory), QED, QCD, as well as some discoveries regarding elementary particles. I can add that Noether's theorem was formulated by a Jewish woman, Emmily Noether, who could not get a job in academia because she was a woman. This theorem is one of those very important but mostly unknown discoveries, like the invention of paper by the Chinese Tsai Lun.

Oerter does not attempt to explain the special theory of relativity; however, he tries to give the reader an idea of what it is. The problem with his approach is that he gives the reader just enough information to enable the observant reader to come up with the apparent paradoxes within the special theory of relativity, but not enough information to help the reader to easily resolve them.

He also confuses the reader by not distinguishing between rest mass and relativistic mass. The observant reader will think that he is contradicting himself. The term relativistic mass is the total mass and the total quantity of energy in a body. The rest mass is the mass of a body when it is not moving. The formula E = mc� is always true, when it refers to relativistic mass, which is why we talk about an energy/mass equivalence. The other more complex formula Oerter presents refers to rest mass. There is no such thing as an energy/rest mass equivalence (except at speed 0) but that is what the reader who is not already familiar with the subject will end up believing.

Another mistake Oerter does is in regards to the fact that the speed of clocks will be measured differently in different reference frames. On page 35 last paragraph Oerter writes "Here, we have an apparent paradox: If each reference frame sees the other as slowed down, whose clock will be ahead when the passengers leave the train?" Then he implies that the paradox has to be solved by incorporating the General theory of relativity. Even though that may be how it was first solved, you can solve this form of the so called "Twin Paradox" and other similar paradoxes from within the framework of the special theory of relativity itself.

Oerter explains Quantum Physics in a very typical manner but he mostly avoids making it look much weirder than it actually is which he should be commended for. However, there is one thing that all Physicists seem to do when they explain Quantum Physics to the layman which annoys me greatly. The matter waves (or quantum fields) in Quantum Physics are quite strange entities. The reason they are so strange is because they do not exist in a real sense, they are more correctly stated mathematical abstractions. Oerter states this clearly, which is good. However, he then goes on to mention De Witts idea about multiple Universes without acknowledging that these "bizarre solutions" to Quantum Wave conundrums are completely unnecessary and worthless. There is no more reason to believe in multiple Universes based on matter waves then there is to believe in multiple Universes because we all have different reference frames.

In fact when I took my first class in Quantum Physics (as an engineering physics student) I successfully proved, using a combination of the Schr�dinger equation and plain Galileo transformations, that the matter waves are not only "not real" they don't even represent information in an objective sense, in fact every reference frame had its own matter wave for the same particle. Our own single Universe is thus already all the Universes you need all at once. My associate professor was just scratching his head but the leading Swedish authority on Quantum Physics at the time, Staffan Yngwe, immediately agreed with me. So in summary there is no need to make Quantum waves weirder than they are or draw unwarranted conclusions from apparent conundrums. Just take them for what they are; one possible mathematical model (among many) of a particle as seen from your frame of reference only.

After giving a background to the special theory of relativity and Quantum Physics Oerter continues explaining relativistic Quantum Physics including the fantastic prediction you get when you combine the special theory of relativity with Quantum Physics; that for every particle there is a twin particle with exactly the same mass, and spin, but opposite charge and isospin. These particles were called anti-particles and until they were actually found physicists tried to get rid of them from the theory. However, the combination of the special theory of relativity and Quantum Physics would lead not only to much better explanation for such things as the radiation and light spectrum and the properties of atoms, it would also lead to new discoveries.

Richard Feyman came up with a new representation of relativistic quantum physics for electrons that did not use waves called Quantum Electro Dynamics, and this was one of the first steps towards the standard model. Physicists started discovering a lot of unexpected particles which remained unexplained for decades (until the standard model came about), QCD was invented, the Higgs Boson (the God particle), symmetry breaks, etc. The story is simply breath taking and Oerter does a good job telling this story, except I think he should have used more and better pictures. However, as I said I cannot honestly take any stars off for these minor flaws. Finally Oerter discusses possible modifications to the standard model, GUT's, string theory (abandoned), super string theories, and M-theories.

I also would like to add an interesting fact that I think everyone should be aware of. There are elementary particles with whole number spin and they are called Boson's, and there are elementary particles with half number spin called Fermions. The Pauli Exclusion Principle (that no two particles can occupy the same state) applies to Fermions but not Bosons and therefore the two different types of particles behave very differently and follow different kinds of statistical rules (Bose-Einstein statistics versus Fermi-Dirac statistics). All force carriers are Boson's while some Fermions are used to build "nomral matter". Examples of Bosons are the photon, gluons, W and Z Boson, mesons, the Higgs Boson (the God particle). The Fermions come in three families each with four particles and their anti particle.

Electron / positron
Neutrino / anti-neutrino
Up quark / anti up quark
Down quark / anti down quark

muon / anti-muon
Mu Neutrino / anti-mu-neutrino
Charm quark / anti charm quark
Strange quark / anti strange quark

tau / anti-tau
Tau Neutrino / anti-tau-neutrino
Top quark / anti top quark
Bottom quark / anti bottom quark

The quarks can be used to build other particles. For example, a quark and anti-quark pair is called a meson (there are many kinds of mesons). A triplet of quarks is called a Baryon. An example of a baryon is the proton which consists of two up quarks and one down quark. Another example is the neutron which consists of one up quark and two down quarks.

I highly recommend this book for anyone who wants to understand something about our world and the Universe. However, don't expect to understand everything, it is not written so that you can. I wish Physicists would become a little better at explaining these things to the layman using nice descriptive pictures and a little bit of math too (don't assume math is always bad). I once read a 30 page long Swedish book on the special theory of relativity that successfully explained the kinematics, dynamics, and magnetism in relativity, to your average high school kid. The Lorenz transforms, formulas for acceleration, E = mc�, and magnetism were derived using simple algebra and a tiny bit of calculus at one point. That is the way these kinds of books should be written, but I have seen this only once in my life. Excluding this single example (Swedish book), Oerter's book is one of the best books on Physics for the layman that I have ever read.

Finally I would like to state a question for discussion. Will you and our planet survive this coming fall considering that the LHC is coming on line?

Good but too long.

The book is pretty good. Educational. A little bit too long sometimes with unnecessary detailed explanations. But the author did a good job. Read untill Chapter 8. Skipp the rest. Don't waste your time on the "Color of Quarks, String theory and New dimensions". These are virtual thinks, only mathematical calculations (most of the time nonsense) and do not exist in reality. It is not the author's fall. He needs to include them in a book like this. If you want to learn about the real nature of the Universe read the book: "Space, time and matter and the falsity of Enstein's theory of relativity". However, that book is hard to find. Space, Time and Matter, and the Falsity of Einstein's Theory of Relativity. Stay in touch with reality. Good luck!

Very good treatment of the Standard Model of particle physics

This is an excellent treatment of the Standard Model of particle physics. It is written for a general audience and uses little or no mathematics. This is one of the few general audience books devoted to particle physics and the Standard Model and I found it to be very enlightening. I enjoyed the book, but found that it required quite a bit of effort. I found that the discussion of the Standard Model and the approaches that preceded it were difficult to understand, but I think that this was due more to the complexity of the model and the many particles that are described, than to a deficiency in the book.

Some other reviewers have criticized the use of "cute" analogies, such as skating ants, soccer moms and skate boarders on a half-pipe. These may be overly cute, but the analogies, in my opinion did help clarify the text and did not detract from it.

The book provides some background in quantum mechanics, but the reader really needs some understanding of QM to get the most from it. In leading up to the development of the Standard Model, Oerter provides not only an excellent summary of Feynman's approach to Quantum Electro Dynamics but also contrasts it to Schwinger's field approach. It clarified, for me at least, the place of these two theories in the larger picture of physics in general. I now understand that Feynman's approach is really analogous to the Theory of Least Action, whereas Schwinger's approach is a field theory and that both can be shown to be equivalent. I also got a much better understanding of the importance of Symmetry through the discussion of the work of Amalie Noether.

Oerter shows the Standard Model, warts and all. He shows where it has made predictions that have proved to be accurate to one part in a billion, but he also discusses the unsolved problems and where newer approaches are being developed to correctly answer them. In the last chapter of the book, Oerter discusses Grand Unified Theories and String theories and shows how their development came from the unresolved problems inherent in the current Standard Model.

I liked this book a lot and highly recommend it for those with some general physics background, some understanding of QM and for those willing to wade through a sea of quarks, gluons, muons and pions, which are organized according to spin as fermions or bosons and according to mass as leptons, mesons or baryons. If the proceeding sentence puts you off you will probably not like this book, but if not, you should enjoy it very much.

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